Winding through the rolling hills and fertile farmland of central Pennsylvania, the Susquehanna and Conestoga rivers offer more than just scenic views. For eons, these waterways have been central to the region’s identity, blending deep cultural history, lifeways and abundant recreational opportunities that continue to draw residents and visitors.

The Susquehanna River, at more than 444 miles long, is one of the longest rivers on the East Coast, and Middle Susquehanna River Keepers shares that it is considered the oldest major river system in the world. “There is evidence that the flow of the ancient Susquehanna was established early enough that it predated the formation of the Appalachian Mountains over 300 million years ago.” The river’s watershed spans more than 27,000 square miles, providing drinking water, recreation and economic support to millions.

Originally known as the Gandestogue, Conestogoe or Conestogo, the Conestoga name is derived from the Iroquoian word kanastoge, meaning “place of the immersed pole.” The Conestoga River, though much smaller, plays a critical role within Berks and Lancaster counties. Spanning about 60 miles, it meanders through farmland, rolling hills and historic towns before joining the Susquehanna near Safe Harbor. It is known for its scenic value and agricultural significance.

Both rivers have been lifelines for people throughout the ages, and they are the traditional homelands of the Haudenosaunee; the Shenk’s Ferry people (a now-lost Algonquin group named after the archaeological site); the Susquehannock; and, for a time, the Shawnee, Nanticoke and Piscataway people. Jess McPherson, community fellow for the Reckoning With Lancaster Project, Franklin & Marshall College, shares, “The Susquehanna is home to the highest concentration of rock carvings east of the Mississippi River. The Susquehanna petroglyphs, carved 800 to 1,000 years ago, share messages from forgotten Algonquin ancestors. Thinking back, I’m reminded of the absolute power during the fur trade era and why control of the lower Susquehanna was so contentious. Teeming with life, the Susquehanna Valley allowed the Susquehannock immense economic power, dominating the colonial fur trade, allowing them to define the terms of exchange.”

The Susquehanna, whose name comes from a Lenape word meaning “mile-long, shallow river,” supported thriving communities through fishing, transportation and trade with other Native peoples and colonists. The rivers also played a vital role in Pennsylvania’s industrial rise. Flatboats and canal barges once navigated the Susquehanna’s currents, carrying coal, lumber and agricultural goods. Remnants of this era, like the preserved Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge and historic canal locks near Safe Harbor, serve as markers of the region’s transformation.

The 19th and early 20th centuries brought profound changes. Industrialization increased pollution, and by the mid-20th century, both waterways suffered from unchecked development. The Susquehanna was subjected to sewage discharge, chemical runoff and heavy sedimentation.

The Conestoga, though less industrialized, was impacted by agricultural runoff and erosion. Decades of livestock farming and fertilizer use led to elevated nutrient levels, contributing to algae blooms and poor water quality downstream.

Despite these challenges, both rivers remain popular destinations for recreation. Regional groups have dedicated time and resources to restoring surrounding lands and waterways. Organizations such as Berks Nature, Lancaster Conservancy, Susquehanna Riverlands and the Lancaster County Watersheds have made accessing the rivers easier and more welcoming, in addition to their conservation work.

Kayakers and canoeists paddle the winding Conestoga through farmland and wooded areas, often catching glimpses of herons, bald eagles and white-tailed deer. The Conestoga Greenway Trail, in Lancaster, offers a gentle riverside path for walkers and cyclists, while public boat launches allow easy access for paddlers.

Nature lovers flock to the Susquehanna’s calm stretches, especially near the Northwest River Trail. There, birdwatchers explore the wetlands and islands—home to herons, ospreys and bald eagles. Hikers, bikers and walkers enjoy the 14-mile riverside trail from Falmouth to Columbia and visit the Columbia Crossing River Trails Center. Operated by Susquehanna National Heritage Area, the center features exhibits on the region’s ecology and history, and serves as a launch point for hiking, biking and paddling adventures.

As both cultural landmarks and recreational resources, the Susquehanna and Conestoga rivers continue to flow through the heart of Pennsylvania’s past, present and future. Whether casting a line, paddling through quiet stretches or simply sitting along the shore, visitors are reminded of nature’s enduring power to connect, and the importance of cultivating mutually respectful and enjoyable relationships with these living waters.

For more information, contact Berks Nature at 610-372-4992 or BerksNature.org; Lancaster Conservancy at 717-392-7891 or LancasterConservancy.org; Susquehanna Riverlands at 717-449-5607 or SusquehannaRiverlands.com; and Lancaster County Watersheds at 717-478-8224 or LancasterWatersheds.org.

Trella Dubetz is a trauma-informed bodyworker, holistic and human design practitioner, graphic designer and writer based in Lancaster and Huntingdon counties. Connect with her at TrellaDubetz.com.